Roadmap on biology in time varying environments. Author Arvind Murugan, Kabir Husain, Michael Rust, Chelsea Hepler, Joseph Bass, Julian Pietsch, Peter Swain, Siddhartha Jena, Jared Toettcher, Arup Chakraborty, Kayla Sprenger, T Mora, A Walczak, O Rivoire, Shenshen Wang, Kevin Wood, Antun Skanata, Edo Kussell, Rama Ranganathan, Hong-Yan Shih, Nigel Goldenfeld Publication Year 2021 Type Journal Article Abstract Biological organisms experience constantly changing environments, from sudden changes in physiology brought about by feeding, to the regular rising and setting of the Sun, to ecological changes over evolutionary timescales. Living organisms have evolved to thrive in this changing world but the general principles by which organisms shape and are shaped by time varying environments remain elusive. Our understanding is particularly poor in the intermediate regime with no separation of timescales, where the environment changes on the same timescale as the physiological or evolutionary response. Experiments to systematically characterize the response to dynamic environments are challenging since such environments are inherently high dimensional. This roadmap deals with the unique role played by time varying environments in biological phenomena across scales, from physiology to evolution, seeking to emphasize the commonalities and the challenges faced in this emerging area of research. Keywords Time Factors, Biological Evolution, Environment, Physiological Phenomena Journal Phys Biol Volume 18 Issue 4 Date Published 2021 May 17 ISSN Number 1478-3975 DOI 10.1088/1478-3975/abde8d Alternate Journal Phys Biol PMCID PMC8652373 PMID 33477124 PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle ScholarBibTeXEndNote X3 XML