Envelope Stress Responses: An Interconnected Safety Net. Author Marcin Grabowicz, Thomas Silhavy Publication Year 2017 Type Journal Article Abstract The Escherichia coli cell envelope is a protective barrier at the frontline of interaction with the environment. Fidelity of envelope biogenesis must be monitored to establish and maintain a contiguous barrier. Indeed, the envelope must also be repaired and modified in response to environmental assaults. Envelope stress responses (ESRs) sense envelope damage or defects and alter the transcriptome to mitigate stress. Here, we review recent insights into the stress-sensing mechanisms of the σ and Cpx systems and the interaction of these ESRs. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are increasingly prominent regulators of the transcriptional response to stress. These fast-acting regulators also provide avenues for inter-ESR regulation that could be important when cells face multiple contemporaneous stresses, as is the case during infection. Keywords Stress, Physiological, Escherichia coli, RNA, Small Untranslated, Cell Membrane Journal Trends Biochem Sci Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 232-242 Date Published 2017 Mar ISSN Number 0968-0004 DOI 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.002 Alternate Journal Trends Biochem Sci PMCID PMC5336467 PMID 27839654 PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle ScholarBibTeXEndNote X3 XML