@article{3233,
  author = {Nan Xue and Sepideh Khodaparast and Lailai Zhu and Janine Nunes and Hyoungsoo Kim and Howard Stone},
  title = {Laboratory layered latte.},
  abstract = { <p>Inducing thermal gradients in fluid systems with initial, well-defined density gradients results in the formation of distinct layered patterns, such as those observed in the ocean due to double-diffusive convection. In contrast, layered composite fluids are sometimes observed in confined systems of rather chaotic initial states, for example, lattes formed by pouring espresso into a glass of warm milk. Here, we report controlled experiments injecting a fluid into a miscible phase and show that, above a critical injection velocity, layering emerges over a time scale of minutes. We identify critical conditions to produce the layering, and relate the results quantitatively to double-diffusive convection. Based on this understanding, we show how to employ this single-step process to produce layered structures in soft materials, where the local elastic properties vary step-wise along the length of the material.</p> },
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Nat Commun},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1960},
  month = {2017 Dec 12},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-01852-2},
  language = {eng},
}